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Prior to the experiment, the experimenter spent roughly 10 minutes teaching the naïve observers how to identify lung nodules. Each circle represents eye-position for 1ms.Įxperiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with 25 naïve observers (mean age: 33.7 range: 19–55) with no medical training. B: Eye-position plot of one radiologist who did not report seeing the gorilla. Thus, the gorilla was over 48 times the size of the average nodule in the images (See Figure 2A).Ī: Chest CT Image containing the embedded gorilla. In the scans used in this study, which were taken from the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC Armato et al., 2011), the average volume of lung nodule was 153 mm 3. That is, if someone pointed at the correct location in the static image and asked you, “What is that?”, you would have no trouble answering, “That is a gorilla”. The gorilla was centered near a lung nodule such that both were clearly visible when the gorilla was at maximum opacity. The total volume of rectangular box that could hold the gorilla would be over 7400 mm 3, roughly the size of a box of matches. To avoid large onset transients, the gorilla faded into and out of visibility over five, 2mm thick slices of the image ( Figure 1).

Due to equipment differences, the image size was slightly different at the two sites leading to a small difference in gorilla size (Boston-0.9x0.5 degrees of visual angle, Louisville - 1.3x0.65 DVA). Nine radiologists were tested at Brigham & Women’s Hospital (Boston) and 15 were expert examiners from the American Board of Radiology tested at the ABR meeting in Louisville, KY. Gorilla opacity increased from 50 to 100%, then back down to 50% over the course of 5 frames within the chest CT scan. We compared the performance of radiologists to naïve observers. In an homage to the Simons and Chabris’ (1999) study, we made that item a gorilla. Moreover, while Potchen showed that radiologists could miss the unexpected absence of a stimulus, we wanted to know if they radiologists would miss a readily detectable, highly anomalous item while performing a task within their realm of expertise. This degree of control may ameliorate the effects of IB because the searcher is able to return and further examine any images that appear unusual. From the point of view of IB, these situations are interesting because the observer is actively interacting with the stimulus in this case, scrolling through a stack of images through the lung. It is therefore important to study whether IB occurs in these modern imaging modalities. Modern medical imaging technologies like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are increasingly complex: the single image of a chest x-ray has been replaced with hundreds of slices of chest CT scan.

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Finally, a recent observational case report documented a case where a misplaced femoral line was not detected by variety of health care professional who evaluated the case ( Lum, Fairbanks, Pennington, & Zwemer, 2005).īoth of these instances of apparent IB in the medical setting occurred in single-slice medical images.

On the other hand, when Potchen (2006) showed radiologists chest x-rays with a clavicle (collarbone) removed, roughly 60% of radiologists failed to notice when they were reviewing cases as if for an annual exam. For example, Memmert ( Memmert, 2006) found a decreased the rate of IB for basketball players who were asked to count the number of basketball passes in an artificial game. Does inattentional blindness (IB) still occur when the observers are experts, highly trained on the primary task? There is some evidence that expertise mitigates the effect. Despite having walked through the center of the scene, the gorilla is not reported by a substantial portion of the observers ( ). This phenomenon of “sustained inattentional blindness” is best known from Simons and Chabris’ (1999) study in which observers attend to a ball-passing game while a human in a gorilla suit wanders through the game.

When engaged in a demanding task, attention can act like a set of blinders, making it possible for salient stimuli to pass unnoticed right in front of our eyes ( Neisser & Becklen, 1975).

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